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Diachronic/synchronic Two terms designed to refl ect two approaches to the study of language. To look at language diachronically is to study its historical development, while the synchronic approach analyzes a language system at a given moment in its history. The terms are associated with the French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who advocated the synchronic approach to the study of language, a position that had a signifi cant impact on the development of STRUCTURALISM.

Binary oppositions—such as speech/writing, nature/culture, truth/error, male/female—which are essential structural elements in logocentric language. Derrida shows that such oppositions constitute a tacit hierarchy, in which the first term functions as privileged and superior and the second term as derivative and inferior. Derrida’s procedure is to invert the hierarchy, by showing that the primary term can be made out to be derivative from, or a special case of, the secondary term; but instead of stopping at this reversal, he goes on to destabilize both hierarchies, leaving them in a condition of unde cidability.

(M H Abrams، 2012)79