Introduction to Ling ...

The study of word-structure and  word-formation, especially in terms of morphemes and morphological processes.

Paradigmaticand Syntagmatic  are contrasting terms in (structural) Linguistics. Every item of language has a paradigmatic relationship with every other item which can be substituted for it (such as cat with dog), and a syntagmatic relationship with items which occur within the same construction (for example, in The cat sat on the mat, cat with the and sat on the mat).

Parole refers to the real speech of the individual, an instance of the use of system. It is the concrete side of language.

Performance refers to the realisation of the abstract code (competence) in actual situations. It is the person's concrete use of language in producing and understanding sentences.

"The science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription" ( Crystal 1997b: 289)

A general term that includes phonemics and phonetics. The " establishment and description of the distinctive sound  units of a langauges (phonemes) by means of distinctive features"  (Richards and Schmidt 2010: 435) 

A prescriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used. In a prescriptive grammar there is right and wrong language.

The signifié (signified)  refers to an idea or a concept, and the signifiant (signifier) refers  to a form or an acoustic image.

Structuralism is a mode of inquiry that consists in interpreting the phenomena it looks at as made up of relations among the various entities rather than as those entities per se.

The surface structure (SS) is the syntactic structure of the sentence which a person speaks or hears: it is theobservable form of the sentence.