فرنسية

For the third online lesson, we will deal with the rise of Islam. The key topics of this text are as follows:

1. The Arabian Peninsula: Birthplace of Islam and Tribal Society.
2. The Early Stages of Prophet Muhammad's Mission.
3. The Establishment of the First Islamic State in Medina.
4. The Period of the Rightly_Guided Caliphs: _The Caliphate of Abu Bakr: Stability and Expansion. _The Caliphate of Umar: Expansion and Reformation. _The Caliphate of Uthman: Continuity and Crisis. _ The Caliphate of Ali: Civil Strife and Assassination.